E like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻano mea hana mīkini, ua māhele ʻia nā mea mīkini i 11 mau ʻāpana: nā lathes, nā mīkini wili, nā mīkini hoʻoheheʻe, nā mīkini wili, nā mīkini hana mīkini, nā mīkini threading, nā milling machines, planer slotting machines, broaching machines, sawing machines a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. mīkini mea hana.Ma kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka mīkini mīkini, ua māhele ʻia i nā pūʻulu e like me ke kaʻina hana, ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho a me ka hana hoʻolālā, a ua māhele ʻia kēlā me kēia hui i nā moʻo.I kēia lā, e kamaʻilio ka mea hoʻoponopono iā ʻoe e pili ana i nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala o nā lathes, nā mīkini hoʻoluhi a me nā mīkini wili.
1. Lathe
ʻO ka lathe he mea mīkini e hoʻohana nui i ka mea hoʻohuli e hoʻohuli i kahi mea hana kaʻa.Ma ka lathe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā drills, reamers, reamers, taps, dies a me nā mea hana knurling no ka hana like ʻana.Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā Lathes no ka hana ʻana i nā shafts, discs, sleeves and other workpieces with revolving surfaces, and is the mostly used type of machine tools in machinery manufacturing and repair shops.
1. ʻO ka "bow lathe" o nā pulley kahiko a me nā lāʻau kakaka.Ma hope o ʻAigupita kahiko, ua hana ka poʻe i ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka lāʻau me kahi mea hana i ka wā e hoʻohuli ai a puni kona axis waena.I ka wā mua, ua hoʻohana nā kānaka i ʻelua mau lāʻau kū i mea kākoʻo e kūkulu i ka lāʻau e hoʻohuli ʻia, e hoʻohana i ka ikaika elastic o nā lālā e ʻōwili i ke kaula ma luna o ka lāʻau, e huki i ke kaula me ka lima a i ʻole ka wāwae e hoʻohuli i ka lāʻau, a paʻa i ka pahi no ka. ʻoki ʻoki.
Ua ulu mālie kēia ʻano hana kahiko a lilo i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha huli ʻana o ke kaula ma ka pulley, ua kākoʻo ʻia ke kaula ma luna o ke koʻokoʻo elastic i pio i ke ʻano o ke kakaka, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kakaka a huki ʻia i hope a i waho e hoʻohuli i ka mea i hana ʻia no ka huli ʻana, ʻo ia ka "bow lathe".
2. ʻO ka crankshaft kahiko a me ka huila lele "pedal lathe".I ka Middle Ages, ua hoʻolālā kekahi i ka "pedal lathe" i hoʻohana i ka pedal e hoʻohuli i ka crankshaft a hoʻokele i ka lele, a laila e hoʻokele iā ia i ke kumu nui e hoʻohuli ai.Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 16, ua hoʻolālā kekahi mea hoʻolālā Palani ʻo Besson i ka lathe no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā wili me ke koʻokoʻo e hoʻoheheʻe i ka mea hana.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i hoʻolaha ʻia kēia lathe.
3. I ka makahiki ʻumikūmāwalu, ua hānau ʻia nā pahu moe a me nā pahu.I ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻolālā kekahi i ka lathe e hoʻohana ana i ka pedal wāwae a me ke koʻokoʻo hoʻohui e hoʻohuli i ka crankshaft, hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu kinetic rotational ma luna o ka lele, a hoʻomohala ʻia mai ka hoʻohuli pololei ʻana i ka mea hana a i ke poʻo ʻōwili, ʻo ia ka ʻO ka pahu no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mea hana.
4. I ka makahiki 1797, ua haku ke kanaka Pelekania o Maudsley i ka lathe mea hana epoch, nona ka wili kepau pololei a me na mea hoololi.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Maudsley i ka makahiki 1771, a i ka makahiki 18, ʻo ia ka lima ʻākau o ka mea hoʻokumu ʻo Brammer.Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he kanaka mahiʻai mau ʻo Brammer, a i ka piha ʻana o kona mau makahiki he 16, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia kona kuʻekuʻe wāwae ʻākau i kahi pōʻino, no laila ua pono ʻo ia e hoʻololi i ka hana lāʻau, ʻaʻole i kaʻa loa.ʻO kāna mea i hana mua ai, ʻo ia ka lua holoi ma 1778. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Maudsley e kōkua iā Brahmer i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mīkini hydraulic a me nā mīkini ʻē aʻe a hiki i kona haʻalele ʻana iā Brahmer i ka makahiki 26, no ka mea, ua hōʻole hewa ʻo Brahmer i ka noi a Moritz e noi i ka hoʻonui uku ma luna o 30 shillings i kēlā me kēia pule.
I ka makahiki hoʻokahi i haʻalele ai ʻo Maudsley iā Brammer, ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kāna hili milo mua, he mea wili metala a pau me kahi mea paʻa a me ka huelo hiki ke neʻe ma nā kaʻa like ʻelua.He triangular ka ʻili alakaʻi o ke kaʻa alakaʻi, a i ka wā e kaʻa ai ka milo, e hoʻokele ʻia ka wili keʻokeʻo e hoʻoneʻe i ka mea paʻa i ka ʻaoʻao.ʻO kēia ke kumu nui o nā lathe hou, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻohuli ʻia nā wili metala pololei o kēlā me kēia pitch.
ʻEkolu makahiki ma hope mai, ua kūkulu ʻo Maudsley i kahi lathe piha loa i loko o kāna hale hana ponoʻī, me nā mea hoʻololi e hoʻololi i ka helu hānai a me ka pitch o nā kaula i hana ʻia.I ka makahiki 1817, ua hana kekahi kanaka Pelekania, o Roberts, i ke ano o ka pulley eha a me ka huila hope e hoololi ai i ka mama o ka milo.ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā wili ʻoi aku ka nui, kahi i kōkua i ka hana ʻana o ka mīkini mahu a me nā mīkini ʻē aʻe.
5. ʻO ka hānau ʻana o nā mea wili kūikawā like ʻole I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mīkini a me ka automation, ua hana ʻo Fitch ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hili turret i ka makahiki 1845;i ka makahiki 1848, ua puka mai ka wili huila ma Amerika Huipuia;i ka makahiki 1873, ua hana ʻo Spencer i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻokahi lāʻau ʻauʻau ʻakomi, a ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hana ʻo ia i ʻekolu axis automatic lathes;i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 ua ʻike ʻia nā lathes me nā hoʻoili ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia e nā kaʻa kaʻawale.Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa uila, ua hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻia nā lathes a hiki i ka pae hou o ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe.
Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ma muli o nā pono o nā mea lima, nā kaʻa a me nā ʻoihana mīkini ʻē aʻe, ua ulu wikiwiki nā ʻano lathes kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā lathes kūikawā.I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka huahana o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā mea hana, i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1940, ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā lathes me nā mea hana hydraulic profiling, a ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā lathes multi-tool.Ma ka waena o ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā lathes i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka papahana me nā kāleka punch, nā papa latch a me nā dial.Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻenehana CNC e hoʻohana ʻia i nā lathes i nā makahiki 1960 a ua hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻia ma hope o nā makahiki 1970.
6. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Lathes i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me kā lākou hoʻohana a me nā hana.
ʻO ka lathe maʻamau ka laulā o nā mea hana, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka spindle a me ka hānai nui, a hiki iā ia ke hana i nā ʻaoʻao o loko a me waho, nā maka hope a me nā kaula o loko a me waho o ka mea hana.Hoʻohana lima ʻia kēia ʻano lathe e nā limahana, me ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a kūpono ia no ka ʻāpana hoʻokahi, hana liʻiliʻi a me nā hale hana hoʻoponopono.
Loaʻa i nā mea wili turret a me nā mea wili wili i nā mea hoʻomaha turret a i ʻole nā mea hana rotary e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea hana he nui, a hiki i nā limahana ke hoʻohana i nā mea hana like ʻole e hoʻopau i nā kaʻina hana like ʻole i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka mea hana, i kūpono no ka hana nui.
Hiki i ka lathe maʻalahi ke hoʻopau i ka hana nui o nā mea hana liʻiliʻi a me nā mea liʻiliʻi e like me kekahi papahana, hiki ke hoʻouka a hoʻokuʻu i nā mea, a hoʻopaʻa pinepine i kahi pūʻulu o nā mea hana like, i kūpono no ka hana nui.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lathes semi-aunoa multi-tool i hoʻokahi-axis, multi-axis, horizontal a me ke kūpaʻa.ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke ʻano hoʻokahi axis horizontal e like me ka lathe maʻamau, akā ua kau ʻia nā pūʻulu ʻelua o nā mea hana ma ke alo a i hope a i ʻole i luna a i lalo o ke kumu nui, kēlā me kēia, a hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā disc, nā apo a me nā mea hana kumu, a ʻo kā lākou huahana he 3 a 5 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā lathes maʻamau.
Hiki i ka lathe profiling ke ho'opau 'akomi i ka pō'ai mīkini o ka mea hana ma ka ho'ohālike 'ana i ke kinona a me ka nui o ka la'ana a i 'ole ka la'ana.He kūpono ia no ka hana liʻiliʻi a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea hana me nā ʻano paʻakikī, a ʻo ka huahana he 10 a 15 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā lathes maʻamau.Loaʻa nā mea paʻa paʻa, multi-axis, chuck type, vertical type a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka milo o ka lathe kūpaʻa e kū pololei i ka mokulele ākea, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mea hana ma ka pākaukau rotary ākea, a neʻe ke koena mea hana ma ke kaola a i ʻole ke kolamu.He kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana nui a paʻakikī i paʻakikī ke kau ʻia ma nā lathe maʻamau.Ma keʻano maʻamau, ua māhele ʻia lākou i ʻelua ʻano: kolamu hoʻokahi a me kolamu pālua.
ʻOiai e huli ana ka lathe niho shovel, e hoʻohuli pinepine ka mea paʻa i ka radial kuhikuhi, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā niho niho o nā mea ʻoki wili forklift, nā mea ʻoki hob, etc. hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻili niho.
ʻO nā wili kūikawā he mau wili i hoʻohana ʻia e mīkini i nā ʻili kikoʻī o kekahi mau ʻano mea hana, e like me nā wili crankshaft.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lathe i hui ʻia no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hana, akā ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau ʻāpana kūikawā a me nā mea pono, hiki iā ia ke hana i ka hōʻoluʻolu, wili, wili, hoʻokomo, wili a me nā hana ʻē aʻe.Loaʻa iā ia nā hiʻohiʻona o "hoʻokahi mīkini me nā hana he nui" a kūpono i nā kaʻa ʻenekinia, nā moku a i ʻole nā hana hoʻoponopono kelepona ma ke kahua hoʻoponopono.
2. Mīkini hoʻoluhi
ʻOiai ua emi hope ka ʻoihana hana, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hana i nā mea hana he nui.ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou he akamai i ka hana ʻana i nā mīkini, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā ʻano mea hana lima āpau, e like me ka pahi, ʻili, Needles, drills, cones, grinders, shafts, sleeves, gears, bed frame, etc., ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻākoakoa nā mīkini. mai keia mau apana.
1. ʻO ka mea hoʻolālā mua loa o ka mīkini hōʻoluʻolu - ʻo Da Vinci boring machine i kapa ʻia ʻo "Mother of Machinery".E kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mīkini ʻoluʻolu, pono mākou e kamaʻilio mua iā Leonardo da Vinci.ʻO kēia kiʻi kaʻao paha ka mea nāna i hoʻolālā i nā mīkini hoʻoluu mua loa no ka hana metala.Hoʻohana ʻia ka mīkini hoʻoluliluli āna i hoʻolālā ai e ka hydraulic a i ʻole ka wāwae wāwae, ʻo ka mea hana ʻoluʻolu e hoʻololi kokoke i ka mea hana, a paʻa ka mea hana ma luna o ka papa ʻaina i alakaʻi ʻia e ka crane.I ka makahiki 1540, ua pena kekahi mea pena i ke kiʻi o "Pyrotechnics" me ke kiʻi like o ka mīkini hoʻoluhi, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hollow castings i kēlā manawa.
2. ʻO ka mīkini hoʻoluu mua i hānau ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā pahu pukuniahi (Wilkinson, 1775).I ke kenekulia 17, ma muli o ka pono o ka pūʻali koa, ua wikiwiki loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā pūkuniahi, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka barela o ka pūkuniahi i lilo i pilikia nui e pono ai nā kānaka e hoʻoponopono.
ʻO ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe ʻoiaʻiʻo mua loa o ka honua i hana ʻia e Wilkinson i ka makahiki 1775. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe ʻo Wilkinson, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mīkini wili i hiki ke hana pololei i nā pūkuniahi, he pahu hollow cylindrical hollow i kau ʻia ma nā bearings ma nā kihi ʻelua.
Ua hānau ʻia ma ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 1728, ua neʻe ʻo Wilkinson i Staffordshire i ka makahiki 20 e kūkulu i ka umu hao mua o Bilston.No kēia kumu, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Wilkinson ʻo "Master Blacksmith of Staffordshire".I ka makahiki 1775, i ka makahiki 47, ua hana ikaika ʻo Wilkinson ma ka hale hana o kona makuakāne e hana i kēia mīkini hou e hiki ke wili i nā pūkuniahi me ka pololei ʻole.ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ma hope o ka make ʻana o Wilkinson i ka makahiki 1808, ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia i loko o kahi pahu pahu hao o kāna hana ponoʻī.
3. Ua hāʻawi nui ka mīkini hoʻoluhi i ka ʻenekini mahu o Watt.ʻAʻole hiki i ka nalu mua o ka Industrial Revolution me ka ʻole o ka mīkini mahu.No ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenekini mokuahi ponoʻī, ma waho aʻe o nā manawa kūpono e pono ai, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia kekahi mau koi ʻenehana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻenekini mahu e like me ke ʻoki lāʻau e ke kamanā.Pono e hana i kekahi mau ʻāpana metala kūikawā, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pono o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia me ka ʻole o nā lako loea.No ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana i ka cylinder a me ka piston o kahi ʻenekini mahu, hiki ke ʻoki ʻia ka pololei o ke anawaena o waho e pono ai i ka hana ʻana o ka piston mai waho aku i ke ana ʻana i ka nui, akā e hoʻokō i nā koi pono o loko. ke anawaena o ka cylinder, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana maʻamau..
ʻO Smithton ka mīkini maikaʻi loa o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāwalu.Ua hoʻolālā ʻo Smithton i 43 mau ʻāpana wai a me nā lako wili makani.I ka hana ʻana i ka ʻenekini mahu, ʻo ka mea paʻakikī loa iā Smithon ka hana ʻana i ka pahu.He mea paʻakikī loa ka mīkini ʻana i ka pōʻai nui i loko o ka pōʻai.No kēia hopena, ua hana ʻo Smithton i mea hana mīkini kūikawā no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā pōʻai i loko o ka pahu ma Cullen Iron Works.ʻO kēia ʻano mīkini hōʻoluʻolu, i hoʻohana ʻia e ka huila wai, ua lako ʻia me kahi mea hana ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o kona axis lōʻihi, a hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia ka mea hana i loko o ka cylinder e hana i kona pōʻai i loko.Ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka mea hana ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kumu lōʻihi, e loaʻa nā pilikia e like me ka deflection shaft, no laila paʻakikī loa ka mīkini ʻana i ka cylinder pōʻai maoli.No kēia hopena, pono ʻo Smithton e hoʻololi i ke kūlana o ka cylinder i nā manawa he nui no ka mīkini.
ʻO ka mīkini ʻoluʻolu i haku ʻia e Wilkinson i ka makahiki 1774 i hana nui i kēia pilikia.Ke hoʻohana nei kēia ʻano mīkini hoʻoluhi i ka huila wai e hoʻohuli i ka cylinder material a hoʻokuʻu iā ia i ka mea hana paʻa i waenakonu.Ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pili ma waena o ka mea hana a me ka mea, hoʻoluhi ʻia ka mea i loko o kahi lua cylindrical me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe.I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mīkini hoʻoluliluli e hana ai i ka cylinder me ke anawaena o 72 iniha i loko o ka mānoanoa o kahi keneta ʻeono.Ana ʻia me ka ʻenehana hou, he hewa nui kēia, akā ma lalo o nā kūlana i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke hiki i kēia pae.
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i patent ʻia ka mea hana a Wilkinson, a ua kope ʻia e nā kānaka a hoʻokomo.I ka makahiki 1802, ua kākau pū ʻo Watt e pili ana i ka mea hana a Wilkinson, āna i kope ai ma kāna hana hao Soho.Ma hope mai, i ka wā i hana ai ʻo Watt i nā pahu a me nā piston o ka ʻenekini mahu, ua hoʻohana pū ʻo ia i kēia mīkini kupaianaha a Wilkinson.Ua ʻike ʻia no ka piston, hiki ke ana i ka nui i ka wā e ʻoki ai, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ia no ka cylinder, a pono e hoʻohana ʻia kahi mīkini ʻeha.I kēlā manawa, hoʻohana ʻo Watt i ka huila wai no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka pahu metala, no laila ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mea paʻa paʻa i mua e ʻoki i loko o ka pahu.ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hewa o ka cylinder me ke anawaena o 75 iniha ma mua o ka mānoanoa o ke kālā.Ua holomua loa.
4. Ka hānau ʻia ʻana o ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe papaʻaina (Hutton, 1885) I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nui ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mīkini hoʻohālua a Wilkinson.I ka makahiki 1885, ua hana ʻo Hutton ma United Kingdom i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka papaʻaina, a ua lilo ia i prototype o ka mīkini hoʻoluhi hou.
3. Mīkini wili
I ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻokumu ka poʻe Pelekania i ka mīkini hoʻoluliluli a me ka planer no nā pono o ka ʻenehana ʻenehana e like me ka ʻenekini mahu, aʻo ka poʻe ʻAmelika i manaʻo nui i ka hana ʻana i ka mīkini wili i mea e hana ai i nā mea kaua he nui.ʻO ka mīkini wili he mīkini me nā mea ʻokiʻoki wili o nā ʻano like ʻole, hiki ke ʻoki i nā mea hana me nā ʻano kūikawā, e like me nā helical grooves, gear shapes, etc.
I ka makahiki 1664, ua hana ka mea ʻepekema Pelekane ʻo Hook i mīkini no ka ʻoki ʻana ma o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea ʻoki pōʻai.Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mīkini wili mua, akā i kēlā manawa ʻaʻole i pane ʻia ka lehulehu.I ka makahiki 1840, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Pratt i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Lincoln milling machine.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu maoli i ke kūlana o nā mīkini wili i ka hana mīkini ʻo ka American Whitney.
1. ʻO ka mīkini wili maʻamau mua (Whitney, 1818) I ka makahiki 1818, ua hana ʻo Whitney i ka mīkini wili maʻamau mua loa o ka honua, akā ʻo ka patent no ka mīkini wili ʻo British Bodmer (me kahi mea hana meaʻai).ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka gantry planer) "loaʻa" i ka makahiki 1839. Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā mīkini wili, ʻaʻole nui ka poʻe i hoihoi i kēlā manawa.
2. ʻO ka mīkini wili honua mua loa (Brown, 1862) Ma hope o ka manawa o ka noho mālie, ua hoʻoikaika hou ka mīkini wili ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Whitney lāua ʻo Pratt i hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mīkini wili, a ʻo ka hōʻaiʻē no ka hana maoli ʻana i kahi mīkini wili e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana like ʻole i loko o ka hale hana pono e pili i ka ʻenekinia ʻAmelika. Joseph Brown.
I ka makahiki 1862, ua hana ʻo Brown ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka mīkini wili palaoa mua loa o ka honua, ʻo ia ka hana hou epoch i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā diski kuhikuhi honua a me nā mea ʻoki wili piha.Hiki i ka papaʻaina o ka mīkini wili honua ke hoʻololi i kekahi kihi ma ka ʻaoʻao ākea, a loaʻa iā ia nā mea e like me ke poʻo wili hope.Ua lanakila nui kāna "mīkini wili honua" i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai ma Paris Exposition i ka makahiki 1867. Ma ia manawa hoʻokahi, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Brown i kahi mea ʻoki wili i ke ʻano ʻaʻole e deform ma hope o ka wili ʻana, a laila hana i ka mīkini wili no ka wili ʻana i ka wili. ʻokiʻoki, lawe mai i ka mīkini wili i ka pae o kēia manawa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-02-2022